Force of gravity as a projection of electro-weak force

   The multi-dimensional quality of the Unity described by the structure of the Model also offers a very unusual explanation of the force of gravity.
   The theory of Relativity is a scientific reality. It may be corrected in future, but most probably only to the extent that it should become an integral part of a new, more general theory, where its essence will still remain unchanged. As we already know, the theory has explained the increase in the mass of an object whose velocity is also increasing. What is assumed here is the fact that we are dealing with PONDEROUS mass, honouring the principle of equality of heavy and ponderous mass, and thus avoiding the problem of giving an exact explanation of the increase in HEAVY mass. For, the General Relativity theory defines the effects of ponderous mass on spacetime, but the very mechanism of this influence or its change has not been defined sufficiently clearly. In fact, this applies for the gravitation force in its entirety, as the hypothetic quants of gravitational interaction, called gravitons, have never been experimentally verified or in any sense detected. That is the main motive of the speculations to follow.
   According to the explanations of modern science, an electro-magnetic wave "falling" in a gravity field gains energy, which is observed as an increase in its frequency, or its energy. The question poses itself as to where the limit of this increase would be, which of course would apply for corpuscular objects as well. Albeit the latter have a mass which increases (infinitely), and therefore some "limit" can be vaguely made out, it is not so with electro-magnetic waves. What is it, then, which prevents electro-magnetic waves from reaching infinitely great energy, as they do not show any "inertia", and is that really so (?), for it is obvious that the observable universe denies the a=g equation which stems from the Newtonian understanding of force (in other words, is gravity a force at all-Newton says yes, and Einstein says no). The fact that the principle of equality of heavy and ponderous mass implies an infinitely great force of gravity, by which an object whose speed equals that of light attracts its surroundings, and which is also denied by the observable universe, is also very interesting.
   These are the main reasons which lead to an idea that a gravity force which in the sense of General Relativity Theory changes the geometry of spacetime, MUST depend on the velocity as well (which is demonstrated in a separate paper " analogies of kinematics to electro-magnetism"). And that is not all. According to the General Relativity Theory, if the mass of an object approaches an infinite value, then the "time" on the surface of the object also approaches zero. Therefore, the theory itself points to the fact that gravitational acceleration is in reverse proportion (not in the sense of direct proportion) to the value we have described by the term "time". Keeping in mind the structure of the EOU Model, a proportion in the quantitative sense makes it likely to suppose some kind of "proportion" in the qualitative sense, which leads us to an idea that the force of gravity can be described by a kind of projection in the classical geometry sense, or as an emanation of some "more primary" force into our three-dimensional world, in an existential sense.
       This idea is in complete accordance with the model. Let us examine a force, which represents a "cross-section" of a four-dimensional structure, where the three-dimensional quality is present in the area represented by a circle, and the fourth dimension is illustrated by the straight line, which contains the radius. We observe the following:
 1. The projection of vectors F_pr and F_od (representing a force of "attraction" and "repulsion" respectively) onto the curvature radius is identical, regardless of their being of opposite directions.
 2. The intensity of vector G depends not only on the intensities of vector F_pr (F_od) but also on its curvature, i.e. on the radius R.
 3. The intensity of vector G is much smaller than that of vector F, by R, and is decreasing as the value of R increases.
   The structure presented in the picture is in complete accordance with the structure of the Unity, where the circle line represents our three-dimensional world whose curvature radius (in the direction of the fourth dimension ) equals R. Our main assumption is: the force of gravity is (just) a projection of the electromagnetic force vector into our three-dimensional world. Let us clarify this.
   It is well-known that the lines of force in the case of electro-static force are pointed away from the centre of electrical charge in all directions at the same time, like the spines of a sea urchin, where their direction depends on whether the charge is "positive’ or "negative". Keeping in mind the global homogeneity of the Unity, we can, quite realistically, suppose that the same image can be "seen" in the four-dimensional sense. According to our assumption the force of gravity is no new and special force, but only a projection of the component of the electro-magnetic force vector which exerts its influence in the direction of the fourth dimension, probably with the same intensity and direction it possesses in the other (our) three dimensions, into our world, where it is of a significantly smaller intensity and with the same direction of influence whether it has been initiated by a positive or a negative electric charge¹. Moreover, the "something" that we termed a (not really defined) "primary" force, we can now precisely define as an ELECTRO-WEAK force, whose emanation we observe in the "form" which is suitable to the state ("geometry") of spacetimematter and our position as observers.
   How can the validity of these assumptions be verified? One of the ways is, for example, to measure the ratio of the mass and the electrical charge of an electron. In keeping with statement 3, this ratio should change successively with spatial-expansion. The main problem is the unreliability of most relevant elements, which it is necessary to "measure". Let us, therefore, verify these assumptions through an analysis of insights we have reached.
   As we all know, the force of gravity is the weakest force in nature. It is around 10^-38 times weaker than an electro-magnetic interaction. Here we must mention the following: We all have a sensory feeling for the intensity of a force. If it is one force, the qualitative indicator of its intensity is very easily obtained if we express all values as units of measurement. Then the ratio also offers information on the intensity of force. If we compare two forces, the numeric value of the intensity of force will depend on what units we have adopted for measuring certain values and therefore, in comparisons non-dimensional constants² are used.
   Our greatest problem is how to determine the angle f (on the picture), as we are comparing two values of totally different kind. The only thing that we can use as at least some kind of an indicator of the "curving" structure of spacetimematter (in ‘our’ part of the Unity) is the ratio between mass and electrical charge. For an electron, the ratio is: 9.1* 10^-31 / 1.6* 10^-19 = 5.68* 10^-12 (Kg/C). If we accept the intensity of this ratio as a rough estimate of the value of angle f (as here indisputably sin f = f ), then the projection of that ratio in our ‘space’ must be R_un (the Radius of the Universe) times smaller, and we get 5.68* 10^-12 / 1.42* 10²⁶ = 4*10^-38 (Kg/mC). The result we have obtained is difficult to explain logically in the dimensional sense, as we are dealing with a ratio of "non-related" values and can easily be "corrected", e.g. by introducing some constant of "proportion", but that is neither our intention nor our aim. We are interested only in the intensity of the "projected ratio" anyway, and that ratio, as we can see, has a value incredibly close to the (above-mentioned) value obtained in a quite different (scientifically verified) way.
   Regardless of the speculative character of this text, we are of the opinion that the force of gravity should be understood more in the sense of Einstein’s explanation- as a geometrical quality of ‘spacetimematter’ concrete part of the Unity, than as one of the fundamental forces of nature. Finally, even the nuclear force is explained as a ‘mere’ manifestation of a strong force in the complex conditions at work in the core of an atom (B. Lalovic).

Force of gravity as a projection of electro-weak force     Tesla`s non-Hertzian waves     Quant teleportation
Faster then light     Tiredness of light     Universe accelerate propagation     Black hole => a singularity ?
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Tesla`s non-Hertzian waves

   Another way to test our assumptions on the multi-dimensional structure of the Model is to apply it to an attempt at explaining the so-called "non-Hertzian" waves of Nikola Tesla. For, it is known that Tesla fought hard to point out and prove that his invention (wireless energy transmission) was quite different from the conventional transmission, which uses "Hertzian waves", a fact which is very often skirted in official explanations.
   In David Peat’s book "In Search of Nikola Tesla" (transl. published "U traganju za Nikolom Teslom/Popularna nauka/klub NT", 1996), there is an article by Nikola Tesla, where Tesla describes his first experiments of wireless transport, conducted in Colorado Springs. In order to avoid ambiguity we include his record of this:

   "...It was July 3-that date I shall never forget-when I obtained the first decisive experimental evidence about a truth of the greatest importance for the progress of mankind. Electrically charged clouds were gathering and thickening in the West, and near the end of the day a furious storm spent its anger on the surrounding peaks, continuing at great speed across the plateau. Long and heavy discharges happened at almost regular time intervals. My observations were made much easier by this, and they contributed to the correctness of my previous experiences. I was prepared to use my instruments quickly. The receiver was properly set, and it showed weaker and weaker effects as the storm moved away, until they completely disappeared. I watched with great excitement and expectation, and really, the effect soon reappeared, growing stronger and stronger, and after it had gone through the maximum it gradually weakened and disappeared. Many times, in regular intervals, the same effects repeated until the storm, which was obvious from a simple calculation, moving at a constant speed, had moved to a distance of 300 km. Not even then did these unusual effects stop, but they continued to appear with unabated intensity"…"Although it had seemed impossible, this planet, despite its huge size, acted as a conductor of finite dimensions. The immense importance of this fact for the transmission of energy by my system became clear to me at once..."

Force of gravity as a projection of electro-weak force     Tesla`s non-Hertzian waves     Quant teleportation
Faster then light     Tiredness of light     Universe accelerate propagation     Black hole => a singularity ?
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Quant teleportation

   We can test just how well founded this explanation is, by applying the same mechanism to another of nature’s mysteries, known as the EPR effect. Let us recall a few things. The whole point is in that, two (sub-atomic) particles which have once been in an interaction, can INSTANTANEOUSLY react to what happens to the other particle, their partner, thousands of years later, when they are at a distance of several light years. In its classical interpretation, the Theory of Relativity ‘disallows’ any interactions at a speed greater than that of light, and we will never be able to understand this event using the usual interpretation of the quant theory either. Therefore a concept of Einstein-Rosen’s bridge was introduced into science, as some kind of a special ‘sub-space’, with mostly undefined characteristics, but still making the "instantaneous" exchange of information between particles possible...
   The Model is much more specific. According to the Model of the Eternally Oscillating Universe, the speed at which an object is moving, and which is to us ‘on the inside", i.e. observed from this side of the ‘luxon wall", greater than that of light, to an observer ‘on the other side’ is lower than the speed of light. Vice versa applies as well, of course, and so it follows that, the interaction of objects, which to us, seem to be interacting "on this side" (where they can even be ‘stationary’), actually takes place at an (infinitely) high speed ‘on the other side". And there’s more. There is no reason why the particles we see as (two) separate ones should not be one and the same, seen in a multi-dimensional sense, naturally. In any case, the Model does not require the introduction of any special "spaces’ which are not a part of us, or whose part we are not, that are already quite familiar as an integral part of the Unity.
   In December 1997, the news⁴ went around the world that the scientists of a lab in Innsbruck had successfully performed the first quant teleportation of a photon, to a distance of one meter. The explanation for the experiment was that they had "broken up" a quant of light on one spot and ("instantaneously") put it together in another point in space…Still, the mechanism of this action does not have a satisfactory explanation, all the more so, as science denies the existence of a real mass of the photon, because according to the classical interpretation of the relativity theory, the speed of light, whose chief carrier it is, would then be impossible for it to reach, which is paradoxical. The existence of matter in any corpuscular form without a corresponding mass is even more contradictory (this is analogous to proposition about existence some electromagnetic wave without frequency (?), what sounds "strange", while postulate about corpuscle without mass, we accept as quite (?) correct), and the ‘breaking up’ of something that possesses no really measurable dimensions becomes really difficult to grasp...
   From the aspect of the Model of the Eternally Oscillating Universe, the experiment is in total "inverse" proportion to those conducted by N. Tesla. His attempts at "wireless transmission of energy" using non-Hertzian waves, according to the Model, can also be understood as moving or transporting "objects" (in the sense of energy), even as a kind of ‘quant teleportation", but the experiment conditions were different, and so were the obtained results-while the mechanism is completely THE SAME. In Tesla’s experiments "the events" had the same "spatial" coordinates, while the (so-called) "time" coordinates differed (by 28 minutes). In the Austrian scientists’ experiments in Innsbruck (for example), the "time" coordinates of the event are (almost) identical (quant teleportation takes place ‘instantaneously’), while the "spatial" ones differ (by 1 m). Let us therefore apply the same mechanism and test whether the structure of the Unity, assumed by the Model, is supported through the "similarity" of these events and their "structural agreement".
   It is well-known that the average energy of a photon, or according to the model, "an object from the middle of the optical spectre" with the wavelength of 5*10^-6 m, has the corresponding Compton’s wavelength of 1.35 *10^-4 m, whose corresponding "mass" is then m_f = 1.6 * 10^-38 kg and the radius of this "object" is then 1.5*10^-21m. "The breaking up" and "putting together" of a photon can be explained by saying that the experiment had in fact disturbed the energy content of the photon as a "stable object", and his independent return into his basic balance, and according to the Model space-time-energy-resonant, state. Since, according to the Model, the entire structure of the Unity and not just energy is quantified, the exchange of energy must be such as to provide for the photon’s "departure" to the "other" side (outside) where it is ‘visible’ as a particle with ‘mass’ m_f and "radius" r_f The minimum path travelled in the resonant-energetic sense (that would correspond to the minimum "excessive" received energy, in an analogy to an electron’s "jump" to a higher atom layer and its return) would have to be on the scale to correspond to the "stationary" mass of the photon (on the "other" side) and its ‘resonantly’ corresponding radius. The corresponding "time" (duration) of the teleportation would thus have to be r_f / c = 5* 10^-30 sec. The "time-path" seen from the "other" side is, as we have already mentioned 1056 times "longer", so we obtain t_tel = 5*10^-30 *1056 = 5.28* 10^-27 sec (or, s_telmin = 1.6* 10^-18 m). If we translate this time into our reality we obtain T = (10^-66 / t )^1/2 = 1.37 * 10^-20 s, which makes it clear just why the teleportation is "instantaneous". The path travelled we can obtain in the same manner, in an "inverse" way, but as in relations between ‘there-outside’ and ‘here-inside’, the corresponding radius of an "object" and its corresponding wavelength change places, the path travelled "there", measured from ‘here’ can be most simply (and most precisely) obtained by multiplying the Compton’s wavelength of an "average" photon (which we measure directly "here") by, naturally, R_IV / R_UN =1056 times. The same event, and let us describe it as a ‘dislocation of the photon by its own size’ should thus, in our real world, be seen as (let’s say) INSTANTANEOUS "dislocation" of the photon by (d=2R) 3*1.35*10^-4 * 1056 = 0.28 meters. The result we obtained is really not identical to the value of 1 meter, but keeping in mind the scale on which the ‘translation" takes place, it is amazingly precise.

Force of gravity as a projection of electro-weak force     Tesla`s non-Hertzian waves     Quant teleportation
Faster then light     Tiredness of light     Universe accelerate propagation     Black hole => a singularity ?
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Faster then light

   Just how close the basic assumptions of the models expounded are to reality we can also test using the so-called FTL (Faster Than Light) experiment of Prof. G. Nimtz and his assistants.
   According to the classic interpretation of the Theory of Relativity, the speeds exceeding the speed of light are absolutely "impossible" (due to the increase in mass, for example). At best, as a result of mathematical operations, imaginary values are obtained [for example, "time" obtains the value of a square root of a negative number (?)], to which our mind, as a "metaphor device" is incapable of associating any similar (or at least partly related) concepts from the sphere of real values, so their real meaning remains quite out of reach for our mind.
   With a small modification in the understanding and interpretation of the values present in Lorentz's transformations, in keeping with hypothesis 3 exposed in The Model of Quantified Energy Density, we obtain rather correct and, the most important, not imaginary but quite real values, by using the same mathematical formulas.
   Let us demonstrate this on a concrete example.
   In one of his experiments, using a special device with pronounced quantum tunnel features (with the same effect on microwaves as two slightly apart prisms have on the light), professor G. Nimtz and his associates (Cologne University) managed to realize the transmission of signals at a speed exceeding almost five times (4.7*c) the speed of light. In this experiment, the length of the "tunnel", or the energy barrier was: d = 0.1142 m. This path an electromagnetic wave with a frequency: f = 8.7 GHz, or wavelength of: l = 0.0345 m, going through "free space", ought to travel in (t = d/c) 3.819*10^-10 s. However, at the exit of the quantum tunnel, they obtained quite distinguishable sounds of Mozart's 40-th Symphony that the carrier was sound modulated with, BEFORE it was "possible" (?!), that is, after only 81*10^-12 sec, or 81 pico seconds, instead of the expected 38 nanoseconds ?!
   According to the model of the Eternally Oscillating Universe this is a quite acceptable event. The explanation is similar as in the case of the quantum teleportation of the photon, as these are basically the same event.
   The EOU Model considers the photon both a particle and a wave (dualism), where the "form" of its manifestation depends exclusively on the speed of its motion. We offer the following interpretation of the experiment:
   Due to the impossibility of passing "on this side", due to the existence of the energy barrier, the photons "tunnel" the barrier as some sort of a "restricted area", moving "on the other side", where the concepts of wavelength and the corresponding radius of the (same) object change places. An electromagnetic wave with a frequency of: f = 8.7 GHz , or wavelength: l = 0.0345 m corresponds to Compton's wavelength of: lc = l / (1 v² / v_max²)^1/2 = 0.0345 / (1 - c²/v_max²)^1/2 = 0.0345 / 0.0371 = 0.93 m. This value corresponds to the path travelled "over there", at the maximum possible speed in nature, of course, "seen" from this side, whose value is, according to J. C. Maxwell: v_max = 3*10⁸ m/s. In that case, the time, measured from over here, should be "the path travelled over there" seen "from here", that is, shorter by 1056 times (or R_IV / R_SV) divided by the speed of the waves' motion measured "over here" (an experimentally established value for c), therefore, t_tun = 0.93 / (1056*2.99*10⁸) = 2.94*10^-12 sec. As we can see, the value obtained is quite different from the experimentally measured one (81*10¹² sec), but keeping in mind the fact that the calculation uses the values of (only approximately determined) radiuses of the Universe in the "direction" of its III (R_SV or IV (R_IV) dimension (the Model of EOU), the obtained result is simply unbelievably correct.
   The above explanation was given in the form which makes it possible to make numerous analogies to the explanation given for the quantum teleportation. Otherwise, a similar result can be obtained in a simpler manner if the same event is observed "from the other side". Then the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave of 8.7 GHz measured from "here" can be considered as Compton's , so that now lc = 0.0345 m. It has a corresponding wavelength of l = lc * 0.037 = 1.27*10^-3, with it associated time in which the wave spreads: t = l /c = 4.2*10^-12 sec. Here we can observe that a (complicated) concept of "the quantum tunneling of the energy barrier" was replaced a much more simple concept of associated (that is, very concrete and real) time. The results obtained by "looking" from both "one" and "the other" side are very close in value, which confirms the validity of our hypotheses. And not only that. They offer us the possibility of a rough, but simple, determination (expected values) of the "tunneling time" as:
   t_tun = (1/f)(1-c²/v_max²)^1/2 = 0.037 / f (sec), where f is frequency of the carrier wave used in experiment.
   Using the basic assumptions of the Energy density quantification model and the relations established, the length of the energy barrier ("tunnel" length) can be understood as "resonantly corresponding" to a given carrier wave, in the same sense as, for example, l/4 (receiver) antenna for an electromagnetic wave of a corresponding frequency. A simple calculation demonstrates that its value should be roughly ten times (1056*0.037/4 = /about/ = 10) greater than the wavelength of the carrier wave. In the experiment analyzed here, the length of the energy barrier varied from o.4 m to 0.1142 m, which is very close to our estimate (d = 10l = 10*0.0345 = 0.345 m), but this did not affect the interval of "tunneling time". Simultaneosly, in the course of different measurements that was proportional to reciprocal value of the microwave frequency, what is in complete accordance with our suppositions. Essentually, that means that "Tunnel" express "resonantly-energy" quality for "to-him-appropriate" frequency spectrum from wave package (group-phase velocities...), and in concordance with that, we can define some "for-used-frekvency-recommended" "resonantly-corresponding" tunnel length: