Largest velocity in the nature

 

Introduction.

 

Light propagation velocity assuredly is photons moving speed but, regarding ours supposition (Hip. 3 in our Energy Density Quantification model), this should not be value implied in T.R. as largest velocity in the nature. By ours opinion, this largest velocity value (vmax) is established from J.C. Maxwell’s equation regarding Heaviside’s suggestion about Coulomb force constant.

 

Elaboration.

 

            In K. A. Tomilin’s articles: [1] and: [2], one can find very interesting facts about impossibility of the simultaneous fundamental status of the physical constants c, Żh, e and ke. Let me cite:

“... From equation (2) it follows that only three of these four constants c, Żh, e and ke can be fundamental, while the fourth must be derived from the other three. From equation (2)

 

 

Hence ...”

“... The progress of quantum metrology allows to hope for adoption in the future of unified fundamental system of units based on fundamental constants. ...”

End of citation.

From (3) we can see that velocity of light can be defined as: c ~ kee2 / -ha. Sign ~ have uttermost significance for us, meaning that velocity of light IS NOT EQUAL but have approximate value !

Considering numerous facts from recent theoretical investigations about fine structure constants (e.g. NewScientist.com: “Speed of light may have changed recently”: “...The speed of light is inversely proportional to alpha, and though alpha also depends on two other constants, many physicists tend to interpret a change in alpha as a change in the speed of light. ...”), black holes discrepancy with theoretical expectations etc, one can see that basic relativistic postulate about light speed constancy is very, very problematic. Many of modern science's problems, the discrepancy between the numbers of expected and "caught" neutrino particles, the insufficient density of energy obtained by cold fusion and the like, are the main motive for finding possible solutions.

Extremely illogical statement, for us, is about photons rest mass. We can not accept that ALL natural objects from ours reality have rest mass if they are substantial, or adequate frequency if they have wave nature - EXCEPT photon? This is not normal, apropos natural. If we declare photon as particle without remaining mass, for us, regarding particle/wave energy equations, that is the same as if we say that photon is a wave without a frequency! Really, disconcert statement.

            Hence, there is many reasons to try to “over-ride” a “luxon wall” without violate a quantum theory, nor theory of relativity. We think that this is possible.

            The Theory of Relativity is certainly not the only right way to get to know nature, but it still offers answers to many questions. The problem of its perhaps insufficient precision, which shows in extreme (relativistic) conditions, can be overcome by a correction of concepts and interpretations of Maxwell-Lorentz Theory on the speed of light in the vacuum being constant, which Einstein had taken over and postulated as unchangeable and independent of the velocity at which the light source is moving.

            As Mr. Tomilin reminds us, discussion about fundamental natural constants started before already one hundred years and are not ended until now days.

            Please, let me remember you to some facts reproduced from several articles.

From [3]:

 “... The error of Maxwell's mathematics due to his force-fitting his speed formula to Michael Faraday's 1846 paper "Thoughts on Ray Vibrations", in which Faraday thought that light was electromagnetic. He was right, but Maxwell got the maths wrong by taking a short cut assumption about what the speed represented, before he even knew the speed of electricity!!! The (1) numerical value and (2) invariance of the 1/(root of product of electric and magnetic constant) formula in Maxwell's derivation in its modernized form led to the unproven assertion that this is the speed of light, which is always invariant. In fact, the speed 1/(root of product of electric and magnetic constant) is actually the speed of the vector sum of electron spin and perpendicular-to-spin propagation, not the formula for light. Only the speed of the electron spin and propagation vector sum is invariant at 300,000 km/s. The speed of light is not invariant. So we must accept relativity only as applying to matter not to light, hence the time-dilation of material clocks, length contraction, mass increase, e=mc2, are quite correct but the application of the principle of relativity to light itself is not proven by Einstein. ...”

 

One can see that “light velocity value”, being 3*10^8 m/s, is not only “rounded” value but this “Maxwell’s - theoretical" value have thorough “space-time” sense.

 

From [4]

 

"...Maxwell, in 1864, was the first to put all four equations together and to notice that a correction was required to Ampere's law: changing electric fields act like currents, likewise producing magnetic fields. (This additional term is called the displacement current.) The most common modern notation for these equations was developed by Oliver Heaviside.

Furthermore, Maxwell showed that waves of oscillating electric and magnetic fields travel through empty space at a speed that could be predicted from simple electrical experiments—using the data available at the time, Maxwell obtained a velocity of 310,740,000 m/s. ..."

 

            It is obvious that at that time was a lot of wandering about light (EMW) speed velocity. Regarding fact that EMW velocity was defined as c = (1 / eomo)1/2, next - that value of mo  (permeability of vacuum ) is defined with adopted units system, then - value for eo (permittivity of free space) is defined according to Coulomb’s law as  eo = (1/4pke), where ke is Coulomb force constant, and finally – experimentally measured values for light velocity was quite undetermined, become entirely reasonable to decide which values to proclaim as fundamental (defined) and which have to be “readjusted” and probably, that was basic reason why Heaviside suggested [5] that the constant ke in Coulomb's Law have to be re-written as,

 

ke = 9.0*109 N-m2/C2 , hence, eo = 1 / (4 p ko ) =  1 / 36 p*109 ~ 8.9 x 10-12 C2/(N-m2)

            According to Maxwell’s relation c=(1/eomo)1/2, we obtain:

c = (1 / 4p*10-7 * (1 / 36p*109))1/2 = (36p*109 / 4p*10-7)1/2 = (9*1016)1/2 = 3*108 m/s,

and that quantity we named: Maxwell’s EMW theoretical value.

            Technical progress realized in XX century enabled us a much precise experimental measuring. Recent light speed velocity is determined very precise and, as we suppose, that was dominant reason why modern science abandon from Maxwell – Heaviside principle to define LIGHT VELOCITY (EMW) according to previously defined value for Coulomb force constant (namely permeability and permittivity of vacuum) and done vice versa: accept experimentally measured photons speed velocity (light speed velocity) as a fundamental, quite determined, value from which, then, originate value for eo (permittivity of free space) !

By our’s oppinion, yet larger mistake was done when that, experimentally measured light speed value (ve) was proclaimed as a largest possible EMW velocity in whole nature, and finally, assuredly inexplicable perplexity is done identifying that (ve) value with c - speed value in Lorentz transformation expressions, apropos -Einstein’s nature-object’s maximal possible value!

            As Mr. Tomilin show in his article, only three of these four constants: c, Żh, e and ke can be fundamental, while the fourth must be derived from the other three.  Considering this and fact that according to recent theoretical investigations ke ~ 8,988 * 109 [Nm2C-2], we can freely allow possibility that Coulomb force constant (ke) get value suggested by Heaviside ke = 9*109 [Nm2C-2]. Consequently, EMW velocity defined by Maxwell equation becomes a “maximal nature’s EMW velocity value”, negligible larger than measured photons moving velocity.

 

Summing up.

 

            Light propagation velocity assuredly is photons moving speed but, regarding ours supposition (Hip. 3 in our Energy Density Quantification model), this should not be value implied in T.R. as largest velocity in the nature. By ours opinion, this largest velocity value (vmax) is established from J.C. Maxwell’s equation regarding Heaviside’s suggestion about Coulomb force constant. Its quantity is (really slightly) larger than the experimentally measured light speed (c=2.99792458*108 [m/s]). This vmax velocity value originates from vacuum characteristics and is: vmax = (1/m0e0) 1/2 = (36p109/4p10-7)1/2 =3*108 [m/s]. This really negligible (quantitative) difference is, probably, fundamental reason why Maxwell (and all other scientists) was equalized and, in essence, identify this two velocity values. By ours opinion, although Lorenz’s relations stay (almost) same, qualitative dissimilarity is very large.

            Exchanging experimentally measured values of quantity c, which in Lorentz's transformations denotes the speed at which light spreads, with its theoretic value (hypothesis 3), does not bring only qualitative, but also significant quantitative changes, which are especially apparent in extreme situations. This "insignificant" difference has almost no effects at low, middle and even high speeds, which is probably one of the reasons why Maxwell in his papers equaled those two values and treated them as one. Still, this change, small in the quantitative sense, results in extremely big qualitative changes. Firstly, light speed becomes possible to reach for corpuscular objects with a real rest mass, so the particle's mass can be expressed by de Broglie's equation as a function of wavelength in a range of speeds including light speed. Now, Planck's formula for energy in the field of radiation (E=h*v) becomes completely analogous to Einstein's formula for total energy of a corpuscular object (E = m*c2), since mass now has a finite value. The fact that the energy formulas are identical, points to the energy content of the objects they refer to being identical, and therefore the conclusion is that we are, basically, dealing with the same object. In keeping with this, we no longer require the existence of some "quasi-substantial" objects, such as photon, which official science has "defined" as particles without mass (?). Moreover, quant teleportation as like EPR effect becomes very obvious, blue shift is totally normal event, black holes does not have to be/become a singularity, corpuscular object velocities are possible to exceed experimentally measured value off light speed - without infinite mass growth, quantity "time" have not negative value, etc., but all current official theories remain valid .

            However, main benefit of proposed exchanging experimentally measured values of quantity c, which in Lorentz's transformations denotes the speed at which light spreads, with its Maxwell’s EMW theoretical value, bring us a significant qualitative “space-time-energy” changes, which are especially apparent in extreme relativistic situations. We get a whole, “new” world !!! World which is absolutely “inverse” to our reality, hence counterpart semi-hipersphere, (spherical) 3D structure which is "embedded" in Riemann's 4D hypersphere just as “ours” (3D space +1D time) world is ...

            Basic idea of ours considerations is the following: object which move with speed lesser of experimentally measured value of light speed (c) we perceive as particle. Objects whose velocity is close to value of light speed (c), evince dualism nature, until objects whose speed is greatly of experimentally measured light speed (c) but, at the same time, lesser than her theoretically value defined by J.C. Maxwell (vmax), we perceive as waves.

Hence, in Reality, none spacetimematter object does not exist as a “corpuscle” or as a “wave” but all of them exist just as Corpuscle-Wave dual-energy-form entities, expressing theirs energy-content, depending of energy density relations of themselves (for each other) and of environment as well as of observers motion state, PREDOMINANTLY in a substantial form or in a wave form. In essence EACH spacetimematter object ALWAYS is “duality” and have corpuscle-wave structure but is expressed (perceived, measured...)  in a “different” form, depending of energy density relations.

According to our model of (Eternal Oscillating) Universe, in the field of small, in fact "sub-light" speeds, energy expressed in the form of mass is closed in the three-dimensional sense "within" a certain volume, so this kind of motion of matter in the shape of "discreet energy packages" is expressed as a particle with a rest mass and a corresponding radius. The same "discreet energy packages", or energy quants, moving at speeds less than the possible maximum but greater than the speed at which light travels, "are open to the outside in the three-dimensional sense", since then they are also (more significantly) moving towards the fourth dimension. In the four-dimensional sense, this is again "inside", but at the "other" side of the "inside" in the three-dimensional sense. We see those as radiation or energy spreading without needing a corpuscular environment. Objects moving at speeds very close to that of light, express the characteristics of both particles and waves (e.g. Dualistic nature of light). ... Etc...

            A lot of modern science's problems, the discrepancy between the numbers of expected and "caught" neutrino particles, the insufficient density if energy obtained by cold fusion and the like, are the main motive for finding possible solutions and rethink about supposed ideas.

            Details are exposed on http://www.beotel.rs/~gmarjanovic, but basic idea is (our hypothesis 3) about fact that Theoretical Light velocity ( C= 300 000 000 m/sec) isn’t meet its measuring in the Vacuum that is C=299.792.458 +/- 12 m/s! There is a gap in between that shows possibility of velocity greater than light, without changing the basic of Quantum Mechanics and or Theory of Relativity!

 

References:

 

1. “Fine-structure constant and dimension analysis”, Eur. J. Phys. 20 (1999) L39–L40, printed in the UK,

2. “NATURAL SYSTEMS OF UNITS”, K.A. Tomilin, Institute for the History of Science and Technology, Moscow, RF

3. James Clerk Maxwell, Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., Article 769:- (source: http://www.wbabin.net/physics/cook.htm)

4. Maxwell’s equations, (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell's_equations)

5. “Rationalized Units”, (source: http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/203/apr1/rational.html)

   If You have any comment you can email me immediately or send me Your oppinion later on: gmarjanovic@beotel.rs


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